How the average price is calculated
Your average cost per share is a weighted average: add up what every purchase cost you, then divide by the total shares you hold.
Average = (Σ price × shares) ÷ (Σ shares)
Buy 100 shares at $50 ($5,000) and another 100 at $44 ($4,400), and you hold 200 shares that cost $9,400 — an average of $47.00. Your break-even just dropped from $50 to $47, but you now have twice the exposure.
Averaging down: plan vs. reaction
Lowering your average sounds good, and sometimes it is — if scaling in was your plan from the start. The danger is reactive averaging: adding to a loser because you can't accept being wrong. That turns a small, planned loss into a large, unplanned one.
A lower average isn't a lower riskEvery share you add increases the money at stake. Decide your maximum position and stop before you average — not while the trade is underwater.
Before you add, check the trade still makes sense with the risk/reward calculator, and read Risk management 101.
